The Egyptian Museum, located in Tahrir Square, Cairo, is the oldest archaeological museum in the Middle East and boasts the world's largest collection of Pharaonic antiquities. Established through a series of evolutions, the museum's history dates back to Muhammad Ali Pasha's decree in 1835, aimed at halting the export of antiquities. The current building, designed by French architect Marcel Dourgnon, was inaugurated in 1902 by Khedive Abbas Helmy II[1][2][4]. **History and Development:** - The first museum was established near El-Ezbekia Garden in 1835, with subsequent locations in the Citadel and Bulaq district[1][6]. - Auguste Mariette founded the Bulaq Museum in 1858 to preserve Egyptian artifacts[6]. - The collection was later moved to its current site, where it was expanded under Gaston Maspero's supervision[1][6]. **Key Achievements:** - The museum houses over 170,000 artifacts, showcasing Egyptian history from the Predynastic Period to the Greco-Roman Era[3][4]. - It is renowned for its extensive collection of Tutankhamun's treasures, attracting millions of visitors each year[6][8]. **Current Status:** - Despite its grandeur, the museum faces challenges such as outdated facilities and overcapacity[7]. - Plans for a new Grand Egyptian Museum are underway, aiming to provide a more modern and expansive space for Egypt's rich heritage[9]. **Notable Aspects:** - The museum's architecture is a blend of Neo-Classical style, reflecting the era's architectural trends[1][7]. - It serves as a hub for research, conservation, and exhibition of ancient Egyptian artifacts, making it a vital institution in the field of archaeology[4][7]. In summary, the Egyptian Museum is a cornerstone of Egypt's cultural heritage, offering insights into